The Anglo-Saxon Cotton world map is the earliest known attempt of depicting the British Isles. The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a striking work of art, and it is also known for its geophysical anomalies. The continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean region are well depicted. The city of Jerusalem is recognizably located at the map’s center in addition to other important cities at that time such as Paris and Rome. The map was intended for inspiration rather than navigation, and it features 420 towns, 15 biblical events, 33 exotic plants and animals, eight classical myths, and 32 people. The map is drawn on a large calfskin canvas, and in 1855 it was repaired and displayed at the British Museum. It is the largest known medieval map and for years it had remained secrete kept under the floor of Bishop Audley’s Chantry. The Catalans were skilled cartographers as illustrated by the map and it remains the most significant medieval map written in the Catalan language. The map depicts the north at the bottom and the south at the top which sets it apart from other nautical charts. The map portrayed the complete geographical information available in the later middle Ages, including the latest knowledge on China and Asia. Cresques Abraham, a Jewish book illuminator, is credited with the creation of the map which was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school. The Catalan World Atlas was drawn in 1375 and written in the Catalan language. The Map is preserved by the government of Italy in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence. The map is also almond-shaped, a contrast to the oval and disc shapes preferred by most medieval mapmakers. First, it places North at the top when most medieval maps put East or South. It was carefully drawn, and it stands out for various reasons. The map features legends in Latin, royalty on their thrones, and loxodromes and it depicts major populated areas as castellated towns. The Genoese Map was anonymously drawn, and it heavily relied on information given by the Italian explorer and merchant, Niccolò de' Conti. The map is highly valuable as it represents a transition from medieval to modern mapmaking ideas. It used standards to indicate control and conquests. The map clearly showed interesting details including the demarcation line dividing the Portuguese and Spanish territories in the New World as provided for in the Treaty of Torsedillas. The map illustrated Portugal’s geographical discoveries of the 15th century including those of the New World. The Cantino World Map was drawn in Lisbon, Portugal, from where it was obtained and smuggled to Italy by Alberto Cantino, a formal delegate of the House of Este. The Atlas benefited from great commercial success, and it is recognized as a cartography summary of the 16th century. It was uniformly sized, used both tests and maps, and included scholarly citations of the original mapmakers which were unusual features at the time. The atlas compiled maps of the nations in the world by using contemporary information. The map is recognized as the first true modern atlas. It was authored by Abraham Ortelius, a Flemish and Netherlander geographer, and cartographer. The term "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" is translated to mean "Theater of the World". Since ancient times, maps have been made for various uses ranging from trade, invasion, to exploration. Maps have not only shaped the geographical interpretation of the world, but they have also facilitated the progress of humankind. Some of the oldest map projections date back to about 650 BCE. Map projections are needed to create maps. Map projection is a systematic transformation of longitudes and latitudes of locations on the surface of an ellipsoid or a sphere into locations in a plane.
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